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Korean Sentences: How They Work and Why (Series 2)

Particles — What English Doesn't Have

English puts prepositions before nouns. Korean puts particles after them.

Day 8 Recap

What you learned in Day 8:

  • Korean is SOV — the predicate always comes last
  • Particles attach after nouns and mark their role, which is why word order is flexible
  • Word ↔ word: add a space / Word ↔ particle: no space

Today, we look closely at those particles.


English Goes Before. Korean Goes After.

English has prepositions. The name says it all — they go before the noun.

I go  to    school.
       ↑
  preposition — before the noun

Korean has postpositions (조사 [jo-sa]). They go after the noun.

나는 학교  에  가요.
        ↑
  particle — after the noun

Same job, opposite position:

English:  to  school     ← preposition comes first
Korean:   학교  에        ← particle comes after

And Korean particles do far more than English prepositions. They also handle what English handles through word order — marking who is the subject and who is the object.


Korean Particles at a Glance

Here's a map of the most common Korean particles. Notice how many have no direct English translation — that's because English uses word order to do the same job.

RoleParticleExampleEnglish equivalent
Subject (topic)은, 는— (no equivalent, done by word order)
Subject (focus)이, 가친구— (no equivalent, done by word order)
Object을, 를— (no equivalent, done by word order)
Location (destination)학교to, at
Location (action)에서학교에서at, in
Direction / means(으)로버스by, with, to
Recipient (person)에게, 한테친구에게to
Together / listing와, 과, 하고친구하고with, and
Also (inclusion)too, also
Only (limit)only
Starting point부터월요일부터from
End point까지금요일까지until, to

The difference between 은/는 and 이/가 gets its own day in Day 10. 에 vs 에서 and the rest come in Day 11.


✏️ Activity 1: Attach the Particle, Read the Sentence

Fill in the blank with the correct particle. Then read the example sentence aloud. (Refer to the particle table above.)

1. 서울  +  ___  →  서울___
   Example: 저는 서울___ 살아요.  (I live in Seoul.)

2. 음악  +  ___  →  음악___
   Example: 오빠가 음악___ 들어요.  (Older brother listens to music.)

3. 버스  +  ___  →  버스___
   Example: 버스___ 집에 가요.  (I go home by bus.)

4. 가족  +  ___  →  가족___
   Example: 가족___ 같이 밥을 먹어요.  (I eat with my family.)

5. 수요일  +  ___  →  수요일___
   Example: 수요일___ 시작해요.  (It starts from Wednesday.)

Form Changes: 받침 Decides Which Form

Some particles come in two forms — same role, different spelling — depending on whether the preceding word ends in a consonant (받침) or a vowel.

RoleWith 받침Without 받침Example
Subject (topic)학생 / 나
Subject (focus)선생님 / 고양이
Object / 커피
Direction / means으로지하철으로 / 버스

Why two forms? Pure pronunciation comfort.

학생 + 는  →  학생는 [hak̚.s͈ɛŋ.nɯ̹n]  → ŋ followed by n — awkward
학생 + 은  →  학생은 [hak̚.s͈ɛŋ.ɯ̹n]   → smooth liaison

나 + 을  →  나을 [na.ɯ̹l]   → two vowels colliding — awkward
나 + 를  →  나를 [na.ɾɯ̹l]  → natural

One exception for (으)로: when the 받침 is , use even though there is a 받침.

지하철 (받침 ㄹ)  →  지하철로   (으로 ✗)
버스   (no 받침)  →  버스로
지갑   (받침 ㅂ)  →  지갑으로

✏️ Activity 2: Pick the Right Particle

Check the 받침 of each noun, then choose the correct particle.

1. 사과 ___  맛있어요.           (은 / 는)
   (사과 = apple)

2. 저는 영화 ___ 좋아해요.       (을 / 를)
   (영화 = movie)

3. 형 ___  컵라면을 먹어요.      (이 / 가)
   (형 = older brother, used by males)

4. 지하철 ___ 회사에 가요.       (으로 / 로)
   (지하철 = subway)

5. 강아지 ___  귀여워요.         (이 / 가)
   (강아지 = puppy)

6. 저는 녹차 ___ 마셔요.         (을 / 를)
   (녹차 = green tea)

7. 칼 ___ 잘라요.                (으로 / 로)
   (칼 = knife)

이다 — The Particle That Builds a Predicate

The most basic sentence pattern in Korean:

나는    학생이다.
I       am a student.

Break it down:

나는      학생이다
↑         ↑
Subject   Predicate (noun + 이다)

The predicate here is not a verb. It's not an adjective either. It's a noun (학생) + a copular particle (이다) — together they function as the predicate.

In English, "am" is a verb. In Korean, the equivalent is the particle 이다.

I    am    a student.
나는       학생이다.
           ↑
    particle attached to a noun (acts like "be")

Form by 받침:

학생 + 이다  →  학생이다    (받침 present)
의사 + 이다  →  의사이다 / 의사다    (no 받침 → 이 can be dropped)

A note on speech levels: Korean has a politeness system — the same sentence sounds different depending on who you're talking to. Day 19 covers this in depth, but from here on you'll see it naturally in examples. The form used throughout this worksheet is 해요체 — the most versatile and safe register for everyday use.

해요체 forms:

받침 present  →  이에요    학생이에요, 동물이에요
no 받침       →  예요      의사예요, 가수예요

아니다 — The Opposite of 이다, a Different Grammar Category

What's the opposite of 나는 학생이다?

나는 학생이다.          나는 학생이 아니다.
I am a student.    →   I am not a student.

The meaning flips — but the sentence structure changes completely:

나는  학생이다
↑     ↑
Subj  Predicate (noun + copular particle)
      ← 학생 and 이다 merge into one predicate


나는  학생이  아니다
↑     ↑       ↑
Subj  Comp.   Predicate (adjective)
      ← 학생이 and 아니다 are separate

이다: a particle that attaches to a noun → 학생이다 (merged) 아니다: a standalone adjective that acts as the predicate → 학생이 아니다 (separate)

Because 아니다 is an adjective, it always goes at the end of the sentence. And there's always a noun marked with 이/가 (the complement) right before it.

해요체:

이에요 / 예요    →  학생이에요, 의사예요
이 아니에요     →  학생이 아니에요  (complement has 받침 → 이)
가 아니에요     →  의사가 아니에요  (complement has no 받침 → 가)

✏️ Activity 3: Complete the Sentence

Step 1: Decide between 이다 and 아니다. Step 2: Check the 받침 and write the correct 해요체 form.

1. 민준은 가수 _______.
   (민준 = Korean name / 가수 = singer — he is a singer)
   Step 1: 이다 / 아니다  →  ___
   Step 2: check 받침  →  ___________

2. 저는 일본 사람 _______.
   (일본 사람 = Japanese person — I am not Japanese)
   Step 1: 이다 / 아니다  →  ___
   Step 2: check 받침  →  ___________

3. 고래는 물고기 _______.
   (고래 = whale / 물고기 = fish — a whale is a mammal, not a fish)
   Step 1: 이다 / 아니다  →  ___
   Step 2: check 받침  →  ___________

4. 이건 녹차 _______.
   (녹차 = green tea — this is green tea)
   Step 1: 이다 / 아니다  →  ___
   Step 2: check 받침  →  ___________

Mini Quiz: Day 9

Q1. In "이건 물이에요," what is the predicate made of?

A) A verb
B) An adjective
C) A noun + copular particle
D) A noun alone
Answer: ____

Q2. In "저는 가수가 아니에요," what is the grammatical role of "가수가"?

A) Subject
B) Predicate
C) Object
D) Complement
Answer: ____

Q3. What are the grammatical categories of 이다 and 아니다?

A) Both are particles
B) Both are adjectives
C) 이다 is a particle, 아니다 is an adjective
D) 이다 is an adjective, 아니다 is a particle
Answer: ____

(Answers: Q1-C, Q2-D, Q3-C)


Answer Key

Activity 1

1. 서울에서  →  저는 서울에서 살아요.
   (서울: 받침 ㄹ → 에서)

2. 음악을    →  오빠가 음악을 들어요.
   (음악: 받침 ㄱ → 을)

3. 버스로    →  버스로 집에 가요.
   (버스: no 받침 → 로)

4. 가족하고  →  가족하고 같이 밥을 먹어요.

5. 수요일부터 →  수요일부터 시작해요.

Activity 2

1. 사과는   (사과: no 받침 → 는)
2. 영화를   (영화: no 받침 → 를)
3. 형이     (형: 받침 ㅇ → 이)
4. 지하철로  (지하철: 받침 ㄹ → 으로 ✗, 로)
5. 강아지가  (강아지: no 받침 → 가)
6. 녹차를   (녹차: no 받침 → 를)
7. 칼로     (칼: 받침 ㄹ → 으로 ✗, 로)

Activity 3

1. 민준은 가수예요.
   Step 1: 이다 / Step 2: 가수 (no 받침) → 예요

2. 저는 일본 사람이 아니에요.
   Step 1: 아니다 / Step 2: 일본 사람 (받침 ㅁ) → 이 아니에요

3. 고래는 물고기가 아니에요.
   Step 1: 아니다 / Step 2: 물고기 (no 받침) → 가 아니에요

4. 이건 녹차예요.
   Step 1: 이다 / Step 2: 녹차 (no 받침) → 예요

Day 9 Checklist

  • English prepositions go before nouns; Korean particles go after
  • Particles mark each word's role — that's why Korean word order is flexible
  • 받침 present → 은/이/을/으로 / no 받침 → 는/가/를/로
  • ㄹ exception — 받침 ㄹ still takes , not 으로 (지하철로)
  • 이다 — copular particle. Attaches to a noun to form the predicate (받침 → 이에요, no 받침 → 예요)
  • 아니다 — adjective. Always at the end; always preceded by a noun + 이/가 complement
  • 나는 학생이다 (noun + particle → predicate) vs 나는 학생이 아니다 (complement + adjective predicate)

"Next up: Day 10 — 은/는 vs 이/가: a distinction English doesn't have — and why it exists"

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